4^th International Conference on Epidemiology and Public Health October 03-05, 2016 London, UK

The mission of the Chronic Disease Epidemiology Department (CDE) is to advance the health of the public by promoting a research-based approach to the prevention and management of chronic disease. Research in the chronic disease epidemiology cluster addresses the etiology, prevention, distribution, natural history, and treatment outcomes of chronic health disorders, including cancer (particularly breast, colon, lung, prostate, ovary and pancreas), cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal and pulmonary disease, and obesity

Epidemiologic surveillance is the continuous systematic collection, recording, study, analysis, and dissemination of data reflecting the current public health status of society. The scope of epidemiologic surveillance has derived from primary focus on infectious disease monitoring and intervention to a more scope that includes injuries, environmental exposures, and social factors that influence health status.

Surveillance is a tool used to study epidemics and public health emergencies. This process includes: suspicion of an infectious disease, confirmation of disease, disease reporting, case investigation, prevention and control to limit the spread of disease, and feedback to educate health practitioners and healthcare providers about the epidemiologic characteristics of disease and its burden in the population. Provide electronic surveillance of communicable disease.

The amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community is introduced   to as the baseline or endemic level of the disease. While some diseases are so rare in a given population that a single case warrants an epidemiologic investigation, other diseases occur more commonly so that only deviations from the norm warrant investigation. Sporadic refers to a disease that take place infrequently and irregularly. 

It is a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population. Medicine is a science and practice of the treatment, and prevention of disease. Medical availability and clinical practice varies across the world due to regional differences in culture and technology. In modern clinical practice, doctors personally assess patients in order to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease using clinical judgment. The doctor-patient relationship typically begins an interaction with an examination of the patient's medical history and medical record, followed by a medical interview and a physical examination. The diagnosis and treatment may take only a few minutes or a few weeks depending upon the complexity of the issue.

Antibiotics and similar drugs, together called antimicrobial agents, have been used for the last 70 years to treat patients who have infectious diseases. These drugs are helping to cure illness and death from infectious diseases. However, these drugs have been implemented so widely and for so long to kill infectious organisms. Each year in the United States, at least 2 million people become arrested with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these infections.

Studies conducted in the field of oral health epidemiology provide information on normal biological processes and on diseases of the oral cavity, identify populations at risk of oral disease or in need of specific care, and compare regional, environmental, social, and access similarities and differences in dental care between populations. Oral epidemiology also tests preventive interventions for controlling disease and evaluates the effectiveness and quality of interventions and oral health programs.

Tropical diseases encompass all diseases that appear principally, in the tropics. In practice, the term is often taken to refer to infectious diseases that thrive in hot, humid conditions, such as malaria, Leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, African trypanosomiasis, and dengue.

Epidemiology and tropical diseases research is carried out in low, middle and high income countries, including the United Kingdom. 

Cancer epidemiology is the branch of epidemiology which is dealing with the disease cancer. Epidemiology is concerned with events that occur in populations: the primary units of concern are groups of people, not separate individuals. In fact, cancer epidemiological studies may focus on precursors of cancer. Observational epidemiological studies that show associations between risk factors and specific cancers mostly serve to generate hypotheses about potential interventions that could reduce cancer incidence or morbidity. Randomized controlled trials then test whether hypotheses generated by epidemiological studies and laboratory research actually result in reduced cancer incidence and mortality. In many cases, findings from observational epidemiological studies are not confirmed by randomized controlled trials. Some cancer researchers have argued that negative cancer clinical trials lack sufficient statistical power to discover a benefit to treatment. This may be due to fewer patients enrolled in the study than originally planned. 

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. As per The World Health Organization (WHO) food borne and water borne diseases cause 2.2 million people deaths around the world. Foodborne diseases outbreaks have devastating health and economic consequences in both developed and developing countries.

Infectious Disease Epidemiology offers us information to understand the relations of infectious agents, their hosts, vectors and environment. This information assists in understanding of how disease patterns differ among populations and how that impacts development of new prevention and treatment interventions.

Health care services can be made to be responsive to the prevailing population conditions, such as fertility, diseases and deaths from certain conditions, and increases in the minority and elderly subgroups. Epidemiologic principles and methods are covered in the first part of the book, illustrative applications are covered in the second, and the third part is devoted to the interface of epidemiology with spanning topics. Each chapter is followed by several case examples to stimulate thinking about specific problems and possible solutions. In the methods section, familiar epidemiologic measures such as incidence and validity are presented. A useful classification of health services and appropriate sources of data are also given. The use of epidemiologic and other data, such as aging of the population, in the planning of health services is illustrated. Similarly, the use of study designs in the evaluation of various services is highlighted.

This is the branch of epidemiology concerned with the discovery of the environmental exposures that contribute to or protect against injuries, illnesses, developmental conditions, disabilities, and deaths; and identification of public health and health care actions to manage the risks associated with harmful exposures. Understanding the role of the environment in human health is critical to improve health and quality of life in human populations, especially among vulnerable and marginalized groups. Using an epidemiologic approach, we conduct population-based research that incorporates state-of-the art exposure and outcome assessment to evaluate the role of the environment in disease, disability, and other health outcomes and to develop strategies for disease prevention and control. We engage with diverse populations nationally and internationally, employ classic and cutting-edge epidemiologic methods, and investigate a broad range of environmental exposures including the natural and built-environment.

Public health nursing believe a person's health is affected by many factors, including genetic makeup, lifestyle and environment. Instead of waiting for patients to come to the hospital with an illness, they go into communities to try and help people improve their health and prevent disease. For people who don't have access to care, public health nurses may also provide direct health care services, including preventive care, screening services and health education.

Health education is a primary focus of public health nurses. Drawing on their training as registered nurses, public health nurses give people reliable, useful information about how to protect their health. In presentations at schools, community groups, senior centres and other local groups, public health nurses explain proper nutrition, demonstrate effective safety practices, promote early detection of common diseases, tell people how to care for disabled or ill family members and inform people about other important health issues. Their goal is to make health information easy to understand, so people can take greater control over their well-being. In low-income and rural communities, public health nurses also provide critical health care services. They immunize schoolchildren, provide pre-natal and well-baby care and teach the elderly how to stay safe and healthy at home. They also must be able to recognize and respond to potential health crises

Social epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that focuses particularly on the effects of social-structural factors on states of health. Social epidemiology assumes that the distribution of advantages and disadvantages in a society reflects the distribution of health and disease. It proposes to identify societal characteristics that affect the pattern of disease and health distribution in a society and to understand its mechanisms. The central and initial question of social epidemiology to be answered is what effect do social factors have on individual and population health.

Epidemiologists can help geneticists overcome these problems, particularly by providing the infrastructure to collect large, well-phenotype samples from affected and unaffected individuals drawn from similar ethnic backgrounds. Typically these cohorts are derived from population-based, natural history studies of particular diseases, often established many years ago prior to the development of the technology that underpins the genomics revolution.

Collaboration between anthropology and epidemiology has a long and tumultuous history. Based on experimental examples, this paper represents a number of epistemological studies we have learned through our experiments. Although both mainstream epidemiology and medical anthropology focuses on the implications of addressing each streams main epistemological differences, while addressing the goal of adopting a broader social approach to health improvement. We believe it is important to push the boundaries of research collaborations from the more standard forms of “multidisciplinary,” to the adoption of theoretically imbued “interdisciplinary.” The more we challenge epistemological limitations and modify ways of knowing, the more we will be able to provide in-depth explanations for the emergence of disease-patterns and thus, to problem-solve.

Epidemiology 2016 provides great avenues for Investors seeking for investment opportunities and expanding their business horizons.  Our conference is attended by participants from more than 40 countries and attracts an interesting combination of academic researchers, practitioners and individuals who are engaged in various aspects of innovations in Epidemiology and Public Health thereby providing plenty of networking opportunities and newfound knowledge.

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The epidemiology focuses on descriptive and analytic approaches used to understand the complex causes of major public health problems and to develop effective strategies to prevent them. Biostatistics focuses on the development and application of theory and methods in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data used in public health and other biomedical sciences. When studying a disease outbreak, epidemiologists depend on clinical physicians and laboratory scientists for the proper diagnosis of individual patients. 

Zoonotic diseases are those which can be naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. Approximately 75% of recently emerging infectious diseases affecting humans are diseases of animal origin. Many factors like Environmental changes, human and animal demography, pathogen changes and changes in farming practice lead to the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Social and cultural factors such as food habits and religious beliefs play a role in the emergence of zoonotic diseases.